Phonetics is defined as the study of sounds made in the production of human languages. It is important to note that sounds and spellings of the English language are quite different. Not all English words are spelled the way they are sounded. Words such as "through" and "night" have more letters in them than sounds. Spelling vs. sound will be brought up again, for now I want to concentrate on the basics of phonetics.
As human beings, we produce sounds using our vocal tract. Where we make the sound (known as the place of articulation) matters. For instance, the [p] and [b] sounds use the lips. I won't bore you with a full list of the locations of each of the sounds, but I'll present an interesting factoid.
When pronouncing the long E vowel sound (IPA symbol [i]), which occurs in words such as "seat" and "meet", the relative position of the tongue is toward the front of the mouth. Furthermore, the lips are not rounded when pronouncing this sound (unlike the [o] sound in "go" which causes the lips to be round). Thus, when you say "cheese", it forces your mouth to be in a position which kind of looks like you are smiling.
Phonetics has even more uses than you might think. Ever think about why your dentist tells you to open your mouth and say "ahhhh"? This is because the "ah" sound is pronounced with the tongue in the back of the mouth, thus preventing your tongue from getting in the way of the dentist's work!
Sunday, March 04, 2007
Phonetics: Why we say 'cheese'
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INTERESTING. Cheese vs. meat. Thanks for posting this. I need to share this with some friends. I'll point them here!
I feel like I can say cheese and meat while still making the same shape with my mouth. I wonder why they chose CHEESE though. Why not BREEZE or TEASE? I'll get to the bottom of this. Mark my words!
Interesting. I'm a fan of "everyday life" trivia and this one fits that bill. There are countless occasions when I could bring this up. Thanks!
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Like cheese is important food phonetics is an important food for language. Interesting comparison you have done here with meat.
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The clinical phonetics examines both the planning and execution of speech (articulation) and the perception of the speech signal (perception). In the investigation of disorders and diseases can be distinguished experimental clinical phonetics of the theoretical clinical phonetics. Experimental clinical phonetics deals with phonetic methods in speech disorders, while the theoretical clinical phonetics a phonetically-based model of language processing (theories of speech production and perception) create tries. The clinical phonetics spreads to the following disciplines:
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Polycarp's father, Master Kaspar Leyser (born July 20, 1526; † end 1554 in Nürtingen), was a pastor in Winnenden, later in Nürtingen. Sun Polycarp already gained early insight into the theological work of his time. His father came to the side of Jacob Andreae committed to the discipline to lay entirely in the hands of the priest, which would have amounted to establish Gemeindekonsistorien. It maintained contact with both John Calvin, who reserved their ideas but on the policy. After all, they managed to obtain the consent of the Duke Christoph of Württemberg. At the instigation of Johannes Brenz suggested this request fails, however, who warned that abandoning the church Württemberg territorial centralized church discipline.
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He came from a secondary branch of the famous Silesian knight Schweinichen sex with the pig house castle as headquarters, attended the village school in the family estate Mertschiitz, came to Liegnitz in 1562 and attended school in 1566 the Gold Mountain. A couple of years he spent at the castle as a page of the Duke of Liegnitz insane deposed Duke Friedrich III .. Then he accompanied his father, the captain of the George circle of Schweinichen Goldberger, on his mission before he entered the service of Duke Henry XI. came from Legnica. Once this has been arrested because of its high debt to imperial command in 1581, Schweinichen lived as a farmer on rented property, but managed to end his life, recover Mertschiitz.
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Rudolf was the son of Emperor Maximilian II and Maria of Spain. His younger brothers were serious (subsequently particular governor in the Netherlands), Matthias (Emperor) Maximilian (Master of the German Order, Governor of Western Austria), Albrecht (Archbishop of Toledo, later governor of the Netherlands), Wenzel (Grand Prior of St John of Castile) . He also had six sisters. Through the marriage of Anna, he was with Philip II of Spain and Elizabeth with King Charles IX. of France by marriage,
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Paolo Sarpi OSM (August 14, 1552 in Venice, † January 15, 1623) was an Italian monk and historian.
He belonged to the Order of Servite, became a member of the Quorum of Padua, came in his 26th Years as Provincial of his Order in Rome and later became a General. He drew the hatred of the Pope, when he was accused by the Inquisition of secret contacts with Protestants. He maintained contact with Giovanni Diodati, his hundreds of copies of his translations of the Bible sent from Geneva.
In the dispute with Pope Paul V, the Republic of Venice made him a theological adviser. He defended the freedom of secular governments against the papal authority so decisively and boldly, that he was placed by the Pope in the spell. Several attacks on his life prompted him to retire to a monastery in Venice, where he remained until his death.
As a critic of papal power and the Jesuits, he came in a close proximity to Protestantism. He had a full scholarship. His main work is the Istoria del Concilio Tridentino who wants to prove that the alleged violation prevented the unification of Protestants with the Catholic Church at the Council of Trent only by the intrigues of the Curia. (This text was translated into French by Giovanni Diodati.)
Historical value are also his letters. Known is the correspondence with Francesco Castrino, who was at the French court.
Cesare d'Este (born October 8, 1552; † December 11, 1628) was the eldest son of Alfonso d'Este (1527-1587), Margrave of Montecchio, an illegitimate son of Duke Alfonso I d'Este of Ferrara, Modena and Reggio.
Since the (legitimate) main line with Alfonso II d'Este would die out, put this one as his cousin Cesare heirs. As the regulation of the death of Alfonso II on 27 October 1597 should be effective, because they saw Pope Clement VIII, born out of wedlock birth, not by Alfonso Montecchios on, pulled Ferrara as a fief been discharged in 1598 and incorporated it in the Papal States. In the imperial fiefs of Modena and Reggio Cesare could take up his reign.
Cesare married on 6 February 1586 Virginia de 'Medici (born 28 May 1568; † January 15, 1615), daughter of Grand Duke Cosimo I of Tuscany. The couple had ten children:
Sötefleisch had visited the schools in Seesen, Hildesheim, Brunswick and Goslar. In 1569 he was awarded by Duke Julius of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel a scholarship, set to his education at the monastery Riddagshausen and 1571 at the boarding school in Gandersheim away, where he also began Kantor wurde.1574 he graduated from the University of Helmstedt, was 1575 cantor in Dannenberg (same), 1576, he returned with two young nobles at the University of Helmstedt, where he was on 25 April 1577 the degree of Master of Arts acquired.
After he became a rector in Burg (near Magdeburg), 1579 in Helmstedt, he was professor of Greek language. On 8 February 1581 he assumed the professorship of dialectics and ethics, and was twice Dean of the Faculty of Arts. In 1587 he was made of Tilemann Hesshus successor as professor of theology, that in 1588 the General Office of the Principality and visitations of the county Hoya. In 1589 he became General Superintendent of the country in Göttingen Munden. In 1600 he was transferred to Uslar as general superintendent in 1608 and Super General Inter Dent between Deister and the county line and Hoya. He opposed the Catholics, Calvinists, and other Metaphysten meandering and ragged ghosts.
From his 1582 marriage contracted four sons and five daughters have emerged. His son Johann Sötefleisch the Younger (1591-1651) also gained importance.
Ernestus Mergentheim was in Franconia, the son of Count Hohenlohe Hettenbach secretary Balthazar and his wife Anna née Ploechinger born († March 23, 1580 in Wittenberg). Barely three years old, he lost his father at an early stage. Then his mother moved the family to Wittenberg, where they had found a job as a school mistress to the young women's school. She held her young Ernestus, diligently on the Wittenberg town school to hold its exercises. So could the Ernestus together with his brothers George and Michael second October 1562 at the University of Wittenberg matriculated. Since the mother is only 20 guilders, a silver shock, 2 pence quarterly allowance of each student, 12 bushels of corn, 15 cocks and 15 ß ß zip collar, as well as free housing in annual income had. She was allowed her three sons George, Michael and Ernestus, instead of the usual four pennies per person registration fee, to enroll them for a dime for every three children. Ernestus, which was funded by Andreas Schato had purchased at the Faculty of Philosophy in 1576 the degree of Master of Arts, took first in the same year a post as schoolmaster. He then married on 24 November 1578 Mary Dennewitz.
Extract from funeral sermon: "He has the omnipotent yhn sailed with a genet erwünschsten marriage in which he anno 24, 1578 Novembri has gone with the honorable and virtuous Jungfrawen Mary, Mr. Bennewitz Electoral Saxon office of alderman Wurtz marriage with the daughter he has in the gelebet 50.Jahr in good peace ... "
After 1585 he has worked as a janitor, he received a scholarship in 1586 at the Medical Faculty of the University, where, after the Doctor of Philosophy, 20 April 1591 earned his doctorate in medicine on the subject of scurvy. After his patron Schato 1592, at the medical faculty was changed, transferred to Hettenbach his professorship of physics, which he held only briefly. As a professor of medicine Salomon Alberti 1593 had gone to the Electoral Court as physician, Hettenbach moved to third on medical professor at the medical faculty. After the death of Franz Faber, held a second medical professorship and moved after the death of his support Schato on its first professor and was the senior member of the faculty.
During his university medical activities, he took on 21 April 1610 on the first scientifically documented cesarean section in the history of medicine in part. This was done, the surgeon Jeremias Trautmann with the assistance of a second surgeon Christoph Seesth to a woman who had already been used in the contractions. Under the eyes of Daniel Sennert, this process has been documented, Tobias Tandler, Blanchett Bach, the archdeacon of the Wittenberg city church master Heinrich Silbermann, two midwives and other respectable women performed this operation at eight clock. After the Caesarean section was done, Hettenbach Sennert and took over the sponsorship of the child. Hettenbach wrote further works on even catarrh, on pain of gout and also about the lack of treatment, symptoms of syphilis.
Hettenbach also participated in the organizational tasks of the university. After he had several times been dean of the medical and philosophical faculties, he took over in the winter semester of 1595 and 1609, the rector of the university, as well as the Pro-Rector's equally important in the winter semester 1601, 1603 and 1615. In September 1616 he retired for health reasons from the University service and died on 2 Oktober 1616th Especially his contemporaries praised his perseverance to work and his love for peace and tolerance. On 6 October, he was buried in the Castle Church in Wittenberg, where he held the Frederick Baldwin funeral sermon, which was also published in print. In his honor was erected an epitaph, which is located in highly weathered condition, on the outside of the Castle Church. The text on the epitaph reads:
Shortly after the end of his apprenticeship left his hometown of Aachen in 1574 and traveled south to Italy. There he moved first to Venice, and he found work with a native of Antwerp painter and art dealer Gaspar Rem and support the local community in northern European merchants and artists. Even within a year traveled from Aachen to Rome. He arrived at the home of Anthony Santvoort below, where he refined through exchanges with other artists as Bartholomeus Spranger and Hans Speckaert his technique and found his own style. Although delivered in van Mander is that of Aachen has painted a lot in this time are mainly drawings from this period have been preserved.
Meanwhile in Italy from Aachen tied a broad network of contacts with other artists, dealers and customers. He has developed over the 1580s was a valued painter, the outstanding orders. In 1585 he worked in Florence at the court of the Grand Duke of Tuscany, Francesco I de 'Medici. The job of portraying the Grand Duke was crucial to his rise to the painter. Of Aachen's early portraits, with their loose brush strokes and the brownish color palette still strongly influenced by northern European painting. Today in the Wallraf-Richartz Museum, this self-portrait of around 1574 is a good example. The combination of Northern and Southern European influences, which shows itself in works of Aachen at the end of his Italian period, is characteristic of his later paintings. Another theme that runs through his entire career from Aachen, is the genre painting. He often uses his own, smiling face, usually well recognized by the bad teeth, in pairs or representations of rendered Kuppeleiszenen.
Šimon came from a poor background, schools attended in Krumlov and gained popularity through his eagerness to learn the school's founder, Wilhelm von Rosenberg, who patronized him and later gave the place of a teacher. He studied at the Jesuit school in Hradec Jindřichův and was then seven years as a brewery in Trebon administrator Schreiber and his Protegisten. In 1585 he inherited an inn, which developed under his leadership prosperous. By the Emperor Rudolf II, he was elevated to the peerage in 1594 and was appointed poet laureate. 1619 he lost his property by fire and the village where he was bailiff, was destroyed by the imperial armies. He went to Prague and joined the Protestants. His career ended after the Battle of White Mountain. Although returned to the Catholic faith, was sentenced to a punishment of 100 blows and chased from the farm. His life now as he eked out a beggar and died impoverished in 1623 completely.
1533 Greselius Rees and was pulled after Canon. The renowned humanist and cleric who despite the great distance for that time, the connection to his hometown never demolished. The importance Gresel beyond his time to the 20th Century, particularly in the economic magnitude of his legacy in Bramsche visible.
In his will he decreed, among other things a family and a poor foundation and the establishment of a hospice house and a Latin and elementary school for boys and girls, along with housing and 20 guilders a year for the teacher.
Greselius has defined the nature and scope of teaching and the conditions for hiring and firing of teachers in detail. They should be selected from the offspring of his parents and elected. Unless he is supposed to come from this family, he had to promise to marry a girl from the family Gresel and call themselves after marriage or Greselius Chreselius. This tradition held until 1917, with the teacher and Cantor Henry Kaiser (1842-1946) Inventory.
His grave inscription wishing him, that he might spread in the Westphalian darkness light.
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Sprawled on a bed, a naked young woman lies with reddish-brown, her hair. Her upper body she has on the left of the picture half erect leaning against some pillows white, while she supports her right arm. The left hand covers her lap, by lying on her right thigh. In this posture, with head held high, not only the young woman turns her upper body but her face open to the viewer, like a portrait. Her buttocks and the crossed legs resting on a cream-colored, on the edge with elaborate golden flowers and fringes decorated cloth, a part of the white bedding covers. A corner of this cloth she recorded with her right hand. Laterally under the bedcovers, the dark red upholstery of the bed can be seen. The young woman wearing only some accessories on her body: Her hair is decorated with a large pink orchid. On her neck she wears a teardrop-shaped pearl, which is held by a narrow black band, which is similar to a ribbon tied in a bow. To fit the pearl earrings her understated. The right forearm is enclosed by a broad gold bracelet, to which a trailer is attached. Dainty slippers made their footwear, but the right slipper fell on the bed so that the right foot remains bare. But he is by the overturning of the legs from the left foot together with concealed his slipper.
Behind the bed is easy to prevent a black woman holding her breast in front of one wrapped in white paper, lush, colorful flowers. She turns and looks at the woman lying on her. She is dressed in a pink robe and a red scarf. At the foot of the bed a little black cat stands with high emporgerecktem tail, which looks at the viewer directly, with their bright eyes.
The coloring of the image is limited to a few shades. The range is essentially limited to white, black, a dark green to blue continuous, one gold and reddish brown, and beige for the skin of the woman portrayed and the cloth on which it lies. It contrasts the dominant white of the bed, which corresponds to the white of the floral paper, together with the pale skin of the woman lying against the very dark, sometimes dark tones of the room furnishings, the dark skin of the woman holding the flowers and the black cat. The outline of the cat and the head of this woman almost disappear against the dark background of the curtains. Through this strong light-dark contrast creates a horizontal division of the image that breaks through the line and the vertical of the golden curtain folds in the background.
The pink orchid in the footwall of the hair is taken up in several levels of brightness of the red flowers of some of the ostrich, the pattern of the cloth on the bed, the red scarf of the woman behind the bed and in the dark red upholstery of the bed again. Even the blue-leaning slightly into the dark green curtains finds a counterpart in the leaves of the bouquet, the pattern of the cloth, the greenish shade of bedding and packaging as well as the flowers in the lightly green-tinted border of the slippers.
The composition repeats a triangle shape can be recognized: the left beneath the upper body of the young woman interrupts the dark red triangle of the bed padding the brightness of bedding that dominates the lower half. This form repeats itself just as clearly outlined in the upper corner of the wallpaper from the brown contrasting white pillow on which the young woman rests, and is continued by the bright line of her left upper arm. The momentum thus generated starts in the upper left corner of the green arc of the curtain draped in a triangle near a backlash coming on again. On the other side, the upper body of the woman carrying flowers along with her right arm and falling on the other side contour of her dress, another big bright triangle. The two by the shoulders and the arms of the women described inside pages of major triangle shapes lead together with the gold-colored vertical in their midst, and the resulting from the superposed legs line to the secret of her hand triangle of shame the young woman to Thus, the optical center of the composition is.
The painting style of the image is very flat. Manet largely dispensed with the traditional, carefully graded, dimensional modeling of the motive. In some areas, the colors already solved by the shape of the object to which they belong. This is particularly evident in the large, like a still life bouquet acting within the picture that begins to disintegrate into splashes of color. Herein announces the coming of the Impressionist style, is regarded as the pioneer Edouard Manet.
People consume a variety of reasons since several thousand years drugs. Critical views on the use of specific drugs, it was already proven in pre-Christian times (eg the prohibition of bacchanalia by the Roman Senate). Drugs that were used in a culture in religious ceremonies or medical treatments were not allowed at the same time in different social cultures.
Regulated in Germany in the 16th Century, a food regulatory provision dealing with drugs. 1516 the Bavarian Purity Law of permitted ingredients put firmly in the beer that include the highly toxic and hallucinogenic plant henbane no longer allowed to be added to the German beer. There were bans in other countries, such as efforts in the 18th Century opium consumption in China and import ban. England began this reason, two wars with China. During the Second Opium War (1856-1860) England won the withdrawal of the opium ban.
"Hemp insert" in the 19th Century
In the 19th Century scientists first isolated compounds such as morphine, cocaine and caffeine. These materials were distributed by the pharmaceutical companies until the 1920s globally. First restrictions on some materials were already in force in Germany. In 1901, the Reichstag enacted a provision for the delivery of morphine in pharmacies. In the period 1909 to 1925, some international opium and drug abuse conferences were conducted. The conferences in Shanghai (1909), The Hague (1912, 1913, 1914) led to the first legal regulations in Germany (1920). The first conference in The Hague (1912) found, in the opinion of the American sociologist, JR Gusfield, the prelude to the "symbolic crusade against drugs" dar. [6] Four years after the two Geneva Opium Conferences (1924-25) is Germany 1929 to the international regulations in its own opium law. Other international narcotics agreements followed by the second World War II.
The German Opium Act was only 42 years later, regardless of the law superseded the traffic in narcotics (BTM Act, 1971). In the overall context of the historical development of the Opium Act Narcotics Act is to be noted that the Federal Republic of Germany is not free, what goals they want to pursue in the area of drug policy. It is rather a series of agreements under the United Nations (UN) bound (see table below).
The drug policy was up to the mid-sixties in relation to other policy areas, a very small and often overlooked social policy area. Largely because of the small number of socially prominent drug users was the Opium Act, a law without acute persecution reality. Correspondingly low, the number of persons convicted under the Opium Act. In the early sixties of the last century the number was two to three sentences per week (which were 100-150 per year) throughout the Federal Republic of Germany.
The importance of the drug and especially the cannabis policy changed abruptly in the late sixties. This happened against the background of international development (international agreements) and especially the perceived in the United States' youth drug problem. " In Germany, gave the press after the lurid model in the United States of America, from the late sixties, the impression of a huge "hashish and drug wave" that threatened to overrun the country. At the same time was marked out in the public mind the image of a dramatic social problem, which was also associated with the supposedly most important domestic political event of that time together, that is mainly carried by student protest movement, which from 1966 to 1969 "Extra-Parliamentary Opposition (APO) "had been formed.
Against this background, the legislature (German Bundestag and Bundesrat) in December 1971, the Opium Act of 10 December 1929, which regulated primarily the administrative control of medical care for the population with opium, morphine and other narcotics, with a new "Law on the traffic in narcotics (Narcotics Act, the Narcotics Act)" shall be replaced.
The reasons for any drug use, a history of drug use and drug dependence are different. In this context also the reasons for drug-related crime. Initial contacts with illegal drugs usually take place in a part of life that is characterized by stress-prone phases. The use of intoxicants does at this stage for children and youth psychosocial functions. This allows the use of illegal drugs, for example, access is possible to open cliques serve to satisfy curiosity or to be a form of social protest.
Development of addiction or a dependence on drugs has always been a story. Affected mostly consumed at the beginning of a gateway drug. In heavy drug abuse or dependence after the onset of the person can not pursue a regulated or restricted life. In science, there are various explanations and theories concerning the development of addiction. The best known model for the development of addiction is multi-factor model and cause (so-called triangle of addiction Kielholz & Ladewig, 1973). It takes into account the three main components narcotics, environment and people.
As concerns the relationship between drug addiction and crime, there are several scientific studies. However, the current state of research does not generally valid statements about the relationship between drug structure and delinquency. Delinquency and substance abuse, drug use and criminal career may not be available in a causal connection but develop out of a total to be designated as deviant, deviating from social norms and values of life. The fact that criminal law is in general and in particular custodial sanctions to prevent future crimes only of limited use is now considered certain knowledge criminological
The science, therefore, uses so-called dark-field studies, such as the study of adolescent drug affinity of the Federal Centre for Health Education (BZgA) in order to make precise statements about the extent of drug-related crime. Basically, however, such surveys can also be a final assessment of the number of crimes actually committed.
Drug consumption in Germany is, according to the BZgA study (2004) on adolescent drug affinity, mainly cannabis. Cannabis products like marijuana and hashish were 31 percent of 12 - to 25-year-olds taken in Germany before (see diagram). A further finding of the BZgA study is that for many young illegal drugs are common knowledge. Half (49%) of 12 - to 25-year-old has already got offered drugs. A third (32%) in this age group has ever tried drugs or even several times taken.
The results of the study correlate with BZgA two international studies on unreported. On the one hand with the WHO study [12] "Health Behavior in School-aged Children" (HBSC, 2002), in some states, the health and health behaviors of students of the 5th to 9 Class of all types of schools examined. Furthermore, with the so-called ESPAD study [13] (European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Drugs) of the Institute for Therapy Research (IFT) from the year 2003.
The international drug trade is assigned to the area of organized crime. Sales of illegally selling drugs is estimated at several hundred million U.S. dollars. Comparable achieved, according to the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), the global oil business just the same turnover. According to statements of the Federal Intelligence Service, the international drug trafficking offense, the most important field of organized crime in which more than half of all worldwide sales of organized crime is to be made [14]. The drug routes running through international distributors, national distributors, middlemen and addicts to consumers (see Fig drug trafficking pyramid).
In Europe, until the end of the 20th Century, the business of drug mafia drug cartels of the Cosa Nostra, Camorra and 'Ndrangheta controls. In the U.S. it was the La Cosa Nostra (particularly through the connivance of the Sicilian Cosa Nostra Pizza Connection), in Asia it was the Triads and the Yakuza, the Middle East, Lebanon and South America Connection, the Cartell de Cocaina.
The involvement of the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency in the international drug trade has been proven several times in public. The American History Professor Alfred W. McCoy, for example, in his book "The CIA and the heroin," described the involvement of U.S. intelligence in the drug trade in detail. (see # drug trafficking intelligence)
Known cases of organized drug crime
In the past there were always a lot of media interest when known drug dealers, for example, were arrested from South America and the United States. In subsequent court proceedings the accused persons, the dimensions of the international drug trade became apparent. Individual protagonists who were brought to justice, achieved fame. For example:
In 2005, according to UNODC figures in Afghanistan prepared 30-000 hectares of arable land for the cultivation of cannabis. This is about one-third of the acreage in Morocco, the world's largest producers of cannabis. [15]
Afghanistan won in recent years the cultivation of opium poppies again increasing in importance. The Gross Domestic Product (2002) was produced equally by the opium trade. The largest part of the international opium poppy crops in Afghanistan is today. In 2005, estimates were approximately 61% of the opiates produced in Afghanistan through Iran and Pakistan about 20% on the international market.
After the "Afghanistan Opium Survey 2005" of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) in 2005 compared to 2004, opium poppy cultivation by 21% on a lower surface (104 000 ha). This is the first reduction in acreage since 2001 put dar. relativized to this success, however, by increasing productivity. In 2005, the earnings fell compared to last year so only by 2.5% to 4100 tons. It follows that in 2005 Afghanistan had share of global opium production almost no change. With 87% of global production in 2005 was Afghanistan's largest opium producer continues [16].
The UNODC's analysis of satellite imagery and ground surveys shortly before the 2006 harvest show that the opium poppy cultivation in comparison with 2005 has increased by 59%. 2006 were grown in Afghanistan to the UNODC information on about 165,000 ha of agricultural land opium poppy. The Vienna office UNODC estimates that by the year 2006 approximately 6,100 tonnes of opium extracted from the harvested opium poppy capsules. Afghanistan's opium production is increased so that the world at 92%.
In Afghanistan, for this reason since 2002, built with international assistance, the "Counter Narcotics Police of Afghanistan" (CNPA).
Coca cultivation is one of the main sectors of Bolivia, especially in the Chapare and Yungas regions. Coca in Bolivia is not only a raw material for cocaine, but is supported by the local population as a tea (mate de coca) or used for chewing. Between 40,000 and 60,000 families (approx. 86%) in the Chapare region live from growing coca. The cocaine business is in Bolivia annual 1.5 to 2 billion dollars by the majority of them remain in the U.S. is estimated between $ 500 and 700 million land. This corresponded in 1997 about one third of the value of legal exports. For all the uncertainty about the actual extent of the profits from the coca-cocaine industry can be said with relative certainty that these are still substantial. The drug and Kokawirtschaft creates the face of high unemployment, low wages and an economic crisis aggravated employment and income for a significant portion of the total population of 8 million people [17]. To the coca cultivation, a violent dispute between the government and the coca farmers has erupted that led to the chaotic political situation with 2002-2003. The leader of the so-called cocaleros, Evo Morales, joined in the presidential election in 2003 as a candidate, but nearly defeated in the runoff. In the elections on 18 December 2005, he received 53.7% of the votes cast and was therefore elected President.
On 1 July 2001, Bolivia withdrew from the international drug convention to secure the rights of local people on their coca leaves. However, the State intends to first January 2012, the Convention Article 49 without the sign again, which deals inter alia with the coca-chewing
It's also the one who according to § 29 et seq punishable, the only drug buys in small quantities for personal consumption has, etc. According to § § 31a and 29 V in these cases, however, the prosecutor or the court to close the case or of punishment . refrain A claim to this is not. The prosecutors and the courts decide instead of the individual case to case. An unconditional cessation is usually not an option, if the act has led to a foreign threat.
Mitigation of punishment under § 31 may affect the offender's information on complicity of other persons, if this action on his own contribution to the offense also may be uncovered or planned actions can be prevented.
With § 37 of the Narcotics Act the prosecutor offers the possibility to temporarily refrain from bringing an indictment if the act was committed because of drug addiction, no higher penalty is to be expected as a prison sentence of up to two years and the offender undergoes treatment and to expect his rehabilitation. Under the same circumstances can also charge the court with the consent of the prosecutor closed the case provisionally. Meet the above requirements are not, the process continues.
In other settings, methods come under the general rules of criminal procedure or in adolescents and young adults under the Juvenile Court Act into consideration.
After a comparative study of the Max-Planck-Institute for Foreign and International Criminal Law in the states there is an unequal legal practice in proceedings setting according to § 31 Narcotics Act. [23] In North Rhine-Westphalia is used for example in the procedures governing the handling of other illicit drugs (heroin, cocaine and amphetamine, etc.) refer to an application of § 31a BtMG only in exceptional cases considered. Because of the special health risks and the educational ideas come from young people and adolescent defendants a setting for a small amount is usually subject to conditions as defined in § 45 paragraph 2 JGG considered.
Designed by John Dumas Kelly Bag is made of a leather body with a trapezoidal, upwardly tapered shape and a rectangular ground floor. The individual parts are either joined together so that the leather is just at the seams to the outside faces, resulting in very clear and straight edges, or with seams running inwändigen that are invisible from the outside, but are less strict edges. The side walls of the bag are in the closed state once folded inwards so that the flat on top tapering, but wide open can. The short curved handle, with the Kelly bag is worn on the arm is movably connected by metal rings with the rollover and when you open the bag folded backwards.
The rollover is at its lower end on the right and left fluted rectangular - this takes the sewn on the back and sides by the folds of the side walls guided closure Belt over the rough, which is closed in the middle of rollover, and so the front of the bag with the flap and the closure belt firmly connects. The bag stands on four little metal feet, which are mounted in the corners on the bottom. Inside the bag depending on the model has one or more inner compartments. Are to each pocket is a small padlock, whose key with a matching key case ("Clochette") provided and attached to a leather strap that wrap around the handles of the bag to be. [8] [1]
The Kelly bag is produced in five sizes from various domestic and exotic leathers such as crocodile, alligator, buffalo, lizard and ostrich leather, sharkskin or calfskin, cowhide, or goatskin. Occasionally varies Hermès classic materials, originated in the early 1990s, a Silk Scarf Kelly bag, which consisted of the well by Hermès produced silk scarves, and in 2000 the Kelly Doll, in the bag with the face and attached arms and legs into a doll was transformed. Beginning of 2011 brought out the Hermès Kelly Bag Picnic, a new variant of the Kelly bag with a body made of wicker with leather flap. The Picnic by Hermès Kelly was advertised with photographs "edible" Kelly bags, which, inspired by the paintings of Arcimboldo show, from foods modeled forms and details of the Kelly bag. [4] [9] [10]
A variant design produced as early as 1960, the Kelly Bag Sport, which has a higher, slimmer basic form without flashover and is provided with a shoulder strap
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In research, the epoch of the Risorgimento by some historians such as Werner Daum is also broader. This set the beginning of the Italian unification movement already in the French Revolution of 1789 inspired by the republican-Jacobin uprisings and briefly Republic-ups after the first military successes of Napoleon Bonaparte in some Italian regions from 1796 (see Republic daughter). In accordance with the broader historical interpretations, the Risorgimento until 1915 - with Italy's entry into World War II - or 1919 after the war ended and the inclusion of up to then Austria-Hungary belonging to the so-called Terre irredente (Italian for "unredeemed territories") in Northern Italy considered complete.
Based on the pan-European context was originally part of the Risorgimento on classical liberalism-oriented nation-state independence and unity movements, which were directed in large parts of Europe since 1815 against the repressive policy of restoration of the States of the Holy Alliance. These movements were initially - in the first half of the 19th Century - the ideals of the French Revolution in 1789-1799 inspired, especially the civil liberties that had been spread by Napoleon Bonaparte to the European Civil Code.
In the socioeconomic sphere went hand in hand as the Risorgimento period term with the fundamental social and economic upheavals of the Industrial Revolution in the mid-18th Century took its beginning in England during the 19th and had Century, the European continental area covered. However, Italy was similar to most of the Mediterranean have long dominated agricultural. The country was at the relatively late 1860s - especially in Northern Italy - recorded by significant industrialization, while the south for a long time dominated by agriculture and pervaded by feudal-like structures remained. Nevertheless, were the Italian states, especially in relation to foreign trade, fiscal policy and pricing for exported craft and mainly affected agricultural products of the economic changes in Europe. This, however, with the restriction that primarily southern Italian regions, primarily self-sufficient and inward-looking and well managed so that initially less export-import dependent, or were tied to the international market.
Was driven by interest groups with different ideological Risorgimento orientations. The targets ranged from the establishment of a constitutional Italian monarchy (mainly supported by the Group of Moderati = moderate liberals or so-called Liberal Conservatives) to the creation of a democratic republic (represented mainly by himself from the radical liberals to extend to the early socialists factions of the Democratic national leadership =). Despite their sometimes violent political controversy all these movements was an idea in common: the French since the revolution in most European countries grew stronger, much of the first liberal-dominated revolutionary bourgeoisie ideology carried a then-progressive, more or less pronounced nationalism.
Several rebellions were directed primarily against the domination of the Spanish Bourbons in the Kingdom of Two Sicilies, and against the Habsburg Austrians in northern and central Italy. These surveys widened out to about revolutions and wars that led to the Italian unit of Piedmont-Sardinia in 1861, led ultimately "from above" - was enforced - as a constitutional monarchy with a hereditary throne of the House of Savoy. The preliminary conclusion of the territorial state formation took place in 1870 after the capture of Rome and the Lazio in 1860 after remaining Papal States by Italian troops.
In December 1774 he arrived in Philadelphia. There he changed his surname from Paine to Pain. [3] He co-editor of the Pennsylvania Journal and Weekly Advertiser the, where he was, among other things on 8th March 1775 a treatise against slavery (African Slavery in America) published. [4] where he showed for the first time as a scout. Paine took up the fight against inhumanity, which he continued throughout his life, and demanded the release of the blacks, but he also thought immediately of the economic consequences. His essay was the first of his works immediate practical consequences: After the publication of essays on 14 April 1775 in Philadelphia, the first American society for the abolition of slavery was founded. Among the founding members was Thomas Paine. And decades later, no less famous than Abraham Lincoln, the liberator of slaves, how much he owed to Paine findings.
Paine wrote a pamphlet called "Common Sense", in which he explained that were the only solution to the problems with Britain a republic and independence.
In April 1775 was at Lexington had a first military clash with British troops. Nevertheless, the Continental Congress of the colonies sought in the conflict with Britain still has a reconciliation with the mother country. In October 1775 Paine published a short article A serious thought (dt A serious thought), in which he spoke for the first time of independence. In January 1776 appeared his pamphlet Common Sense (dt Common Sense). Free from any emotional ties to England explained to Paine, that it is for America to gain independence and establish a new, democratic system of government founded on the principles of human rights. Common Sense was an unprecedented success, more than half a million copies were sold and distributed, and that in a country that was one of about three million inhabitants. Illiterate was read the scripture. Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence on 4 July was signed in 1776 was decisively influenced by common sense. Paine was the first who suggested the new nation "United States of America" to name.
Was seen after a series of military defeats, the Paine with the troops, the morale of the Continental Army was under the command of Washington on the ground. Paine published a series of 13 publications (one for each colony), entitled The American Crisis (dt: The American Crisis), which should give the Americans during the long struggle inspiration. The first Crisis paper was published in December 1776 and began with the immortal line: "These are the times that try men's souls" (dt: These are the times that the souls lead the people into temptation) "The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will press in this crisis from serving your country, but only he who stands firm now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman. " The first Crisis paper was so encouraging that Washington had it read to all of its troops. This paper is intended to have the effect that the troops were re-motivated and not acknowledged the service, but in December 1776 won a first victory at Trenton, which allowed the survival of the first independence movement. Whenever it closely in the coming years, there appeared a new crisis, which contributed significantly to the crisis. The latest crisis came on the day of the truce with Great Britain, on 19 April 1783rd
France welcomed Paine with open arms. In four departments, he was elected to the National Assembly, he decided to Calais. Among other things, he worked with Danton and Condorcet 1792/1793 from the Girondin draft constitution, which came into force, however, does not. Although Paine was a staunch opponent of the monarchy, but he refused, as a member of the French National Assembly, the execution of Louis XVI. from. That was enough to Paine - not just for his diplomacy was known - to bring them into conflict with the increasingly radicalized revolutionary leadership. Robespierre had him on 28 December 1793 arrest and sentenced to death. Paine escaped beheading only by luck: A guard walked through the prison, marking the doors of the condemned prisoners with chalk. Even Paine's cell door was a chalk mark - but just as a doctor in the cell treated the imprisoned Paine, was open the cell door, when she was struck, was the chalk mark on the inside of the cell. Later, when the condemned man were called together, went over to Paine, was there to see the outside of his cell, no chalk mark. Three days later, was the execution of Robespierre. After his release in November 1794 Paine lived a half years in the house of the American ambassador in Paris, James Monroe, whose predecessor, Governor Morris, was not innocent in Paine's time in prison.
On the day of his arrest was the first part of his work Paine Age of Reason (dt Age of Reason) completed. In Monroe's home, he wrote the second part of this work was critical of religion. Paine is committed him to Unitarianism in [5]: "I believe in one God, and not more - and I'm hoping for a happy state after this life." He rejected the inspiration of the Old and New Testaments: "The Christian religion is a parody of the sun-worship, in which they put a character named Christ the place of the sun and let him now come to worship, which originally was the sun. "He believed that true religion is to do justice, mercy to and our fellow human beings have to make them happy. [6] This work also became a bestseller.
His last great pamphlet, Agrarian Justice (dt: Agri-justice) appeared in the Winter 1795/96. Paine's ideas developed here from Rights of Man and further demonstrated how the establishment of land ownership, the vast majority of people stayed away from their natural heritage and the possibilities of independent survival. The management of the social security agency of the United States sees in Agrarian Justice, the first American proposal for a system of old-age pension.
Abraham Baldwin was the son of a blacksmith, who had two wives, twelve children. Besides Abraham acquired two more of his siblings was reasonably well known: His younger brother Henry was associate judge (Associate Justice) Supreme Court, his sister Ruth married the poet and statesman, Joel Barlow.
After visiting the local village school Baldwin took up studies at Yale University in nearby New Haven, which he graduated in 1772. Three years later he took over at the same university and a religious official duties as a tutor. In 1779, Baldwin became a chaplain in the Continental Army. Two years later he turned down an offer of a professorship at Yale. Instead, he began after the Revolutionary war, a law degree and was admitted to the Bar in 1783.
Although he had declined the professorship, he persuaded the governor of Georgia, Lyman Hall, to accept an offer to develop a training plan for the school and higher education of the state, a task which he accepted because he was convinced that education the key to the development of border states such as Georgia was. Baldwin was elected to the House of Representatives from Georgia, and developed an educational approach, in which land was made available by the State in order to establish the University of Georgia in Athens, the first state-supported university in the United States. The university was on 27 Baldwin was founded in January 1785 and the first president of the institution during the planning phase. 1801 opened the Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, the first college of the University, its doors. At this point, followed by Josiah Meigs Baldwin as president of the university.
The university was architecturally inspired by the Yale University, alma mater of the original Abraham Baldwin.
Bassett was a member of the committee that the entry into force of the first constitution of Delaware on 20 September 1776 was responsible. He then spent four legislative periods (1776/77-1779/80) Member of the Senate (Legislative Council), were approved at this time only to the landowners. In 1780 to 1782 he was a deputy in the House of Representatives from Delaware (House of Assembly) to switch it back to the Senate. Except for the legislative period 1785/86 Bassett was therefore representative of the Delaware General Assembly of the Declaration of Independence up to the adoption of the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787. Richard Bassett was a strong supporter of the Connecticut Compromise, and so agreed that Delaware only five months after the first country to Philadelphia. Since then, Delaware bears the nickname The First State.
With the creation of the new government elected Richard Bassett was one of the first representatives of the General Assembly into the Senate of the United States. His period of service ranged from 4 March 1789 to 3rd März 1793rd Bassett was a fundamental support for the Federalists John Adams and Vice President and President George Washington. He refused, however an extreme extension of the rights of the President, as requested by Alexander Hamilton from. Bassett, 1792, was, as has occurred in 1776, with John Dickinson responsible for organizing the committee, which conducted a review of the old Constitution of Delaware. On 12 June 1792 the Committee adopted the new Constitution.
After his term as Senator Bassett took over the management of the Court of Common Pleas in Delaware, before he was elected governor in 1799. His tenure also probably the toughest presidential campaign was in U.S. history. The election of Thomas Jefferson, in his capacity Republicans and supporters of greater freedom of the individual states in the presidential election of 1800 further sealed the political career of the Federalists Bassett. The outgoing President Adams passed the so-called Midnight Judges Act, which allowed him to newly created posts in the United States Circuit Court to fill the forerunner of today's U.S. federal courts with Federalists. Bassett was awarded such a post by John Adams on his last working day and thus ended his duties as governor. The Republicans, however, Jefferson did after he took office on 4 March 1801 the Midnight Judges Act, reversed and dismissed all newly hired federalists. Bassett finished his post in April 1802 and was active until his death in 1815 no longer in public office.
Bedford's family could trace its roots to the founding of Jamestown, Virginia. He was a cousin of Colonel Gunning Bedford, a hero of the American Revolutionary War and politician from Delaware, with whom he is often confused.
Bedford attended the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University), where he shared a room with James Madison. After graduating in 1771 he studied law with George Read, an influential politician with ties to Pennsylvania and Delaware, which is also signed the Constitution of the United States. About Bedford's early career little known until such time as he during the last years of the American Revolution in Dover, Wilmington and then opened a law practice. He was in the early postwar period short in Legislature of the State of Delaware and took from 1783 to 1785 the Continental Congress. He worked from 1784 to 1789 as Delaware's Attorney General. Although he was selected in 1786 to represent the state at the Annapolis Conference, Bedford was among the delegates who missed the meetings of this brief meeting. Witness statements indicate that he is worried about the Congress, the political and economic problems that were related to the articles of confederation shared together - a concern that did the delegates from Annapolis to convene the meeting, which was known as a constitutional convention.
The Port of New York, to English. New York Harbor, and Port of New York and New Jersey, located on the east coast of the continent, North America and the United States includes the entirety of the seven major initiatives currently being used and some historic docks and the totality of the natural harbor at the mouth of the Hudson River into the Atlantic (tidal harbor). The term describes a region that is geographically and is not a single institution, and not limited to the city of New York (would be more correct: a plurality of institutions). However, the term "New York Harbor" in everyday language often only for the assets of the joint authority of the two neighboring U.S. states, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ) is used. This inter-governmental authority is not responsible for all aspects of the harbor area in question. Largest cities of the Hudson are now New York City, Jersey City and Newark.
After the cargo handling as a whole it is the third largest - but according to his area of the largest port in the United States. It serves both as an international deep-sea and over the Hudson as a river port for parts of the USA (Northeast) and eastern Canada.
New York's current economic impact is related to its use for the movement of goods and passenger transport. With the completion of the Erie Canal in 1825 opened up a cheap transport route to the Great Lakes and New York rose to the most important commercial port on the East Coast. In addition, New York was and is a major site of immigration to the United States. Millions of immigrants came here on ships and passed his plants, of which Iceland is a relatively new is Ellis. According to the earlier more significant immigration today is dominated by tourism, the passenger ship in New York harbor.
At the entrance to New York one crosses coming from the Lower New York Bay at the Narrows under the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge (1964) through to the main basin of the Upper New York Bay with the two famous islands of New York (in Manhattan itself, Ellis and Liberty Iceland with the Statue of Liberty), to various berths. Historically, the approach is as dangerous in the body of water known for several reasons. Above all, the fog and the dreaded, depending on wind direction almost perpendicular to the hopper of the Lower Bay accruing storm surges. The Hudson Canyon, an undersea voreiszeitliches Delta, which also runs in the center of the bay is, as a ship graveyard. According to the northwest close to the Long Sound · Iceland and the Long Island Iceland. In the south, followed by New Jersey to Florida, the Atlantic coastal plain with many other ports.
By 1975, Fischer was a member of the radical left-wing and militant group Revolutionary Struggle. He participated in several street battles with the police ("Shine Group"), in which dozens of police officers were injured, some seriously. A photo of 7 April 1973 shows the hooded with a black motorcycle helmet Fischer and Hans-Joachim Klein, later a member of the Revolutionary Cells (RZ), as they embark together on a police officer. [3] As foreign minister confessed Fischer his then violence would not but their distance.
He insisted, however, never to have thrown Molotov cocktails. The background was to have a provisional arrest on suspicion thrown Fischer 1976, such a fire set during a demonstration at a police vehicle, the police sergeant Juergen Weber critically injured and permanently disfigured had. However, he was released due to lack of evidence. In planning the demonstration had been discussed with the participation of fishermen, the use of Molotov cocktails. Nachermittlungen the Frankfurt prosecutor about this incident in 2001 hampered by the fact that the Hessian State Chancellery under SPD Minister Holger Börner of the state security department of the police headquarters in Frankfurt had requested all documents relating to fishing, as this 1985 in Wiesbaden, Environment Minister, and since then about the whereabouts Nothing was known of the acts. [4] [5] From the Frankfurt period dates his friendship with the French-German student leader Daniel Cohn-Bendit, with whom he was living temporarily in a residential community. [6]
After Fischer had said late as 1976, "We can distance ourselves [...] not just by the comrades of the urban guerrilla warfare, because we must distance ourselves then by ourselves," [7] initiated the events in the so-called German Autumn 1977 (kidnapping and murder of BDA President Hanns Martin Schleyer kidnapping of the airplane Landshut, suicide of the RAF's founders) claims to be a cognitive process with him, whom he described as the illusion of loss, and had finally led to his departure from violent radical political ideas.
On 11 May 1981 murder of the Hessian Minister of Economics, Heinz-Herbert Karry, then the revolutionary cells known to be fact. It later emerged that the murder weapon, along with other weapons stolen from an American military barracks in 1973 was in Joschka Fischer's car was transported. Fischer stated this, he was the former car mechanic, Hans-Joachim Klein (1973 not yet a member of the RZ, but already in the orbit of radical leftist militant groups) where the car only to have him install a new engine. Later he learned that had been transported by car stolen weapons.
On 12 April 1967 he was appointed as Parliamentary Secretary at the Ministry of Transport in a register kept by Chancellor Kurt Georg Kiesinger of the Grand Coalition Cabinet. This office he held from 1969 in the Federal Government headed by Willy Brandt. On 4 February 1972 he resigned from this office, federal secretary of the SPD to be.
In October 1976 he was elected by an SPD-FDP coalition to replace Albert Osswald prime minister of Hesse, after it was due to the Helaba scandal should resign. The state election in September 1982 was marked by the federal policy. After breaking the social-liberal coalition SPD Börner's billboard "in Bonn betrayal" and the FDP failed to clear the five percent threshold. With the emergence of the Greens in the parliament of Hesse, there was no longer capable of governing majority (the so-called "hessian conditions". Börner stood up before the early elections in September 1983 a caretaker government.
Holger Börner distanced the campaign is over much of the countryside. "Photos are with me and the Greens at the negotiating table not even be seen as an assembly," he said. He was razor in the morning and had to watch in the mirror [1]. Clearly concluded Börner cooperation with the Greens: "The Greens stand for me beyond any calculation. I conclude not only a coalition, but any cooperation from them "[2]. After the election, he moved away from his statements in June 1984 and was re-tolerated by the Green Party, was elected prime minister. In October 1985, finally got a coalition with the Greens. It was the first red-green coalition at all. At the time, Joschka Fischer became a minister of state for environment and energy into the cabinet Börner.
But in February 1987, the coalition broke up the dispute over the operating license for the Hanau fuel fabrication Alkem. Holger Börner dismissed as Minister Joschka Fischer. In April 1987, then came to elections, in which Boerner did not run. In this election, a CDU-FDP coalition under Walter Wallmann was formed.
From 1 November 1986 to 14th April 1987 Boerner was President of the Bundesrat.
Princess Margaret of York on 21 August 1930 in Scotland at Glamis Castle, the ancestral home of the family born to her mother, who was a daughter of the Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne. At the time, Margaret's grandfather, King George V of Britain. Her father, who later became King George VI., Was the younger brother of Edward VIII to second line to the throne. After the abdication of Edward VIII because of his marriage to Wallis Simpson in 1936, her father became King unexpectedly. Since then, she led until her marriage in 1960 the title and name HRH The Princess Margaret.
Until the birth of her nephew Charles in 1948, Princess Margaret was the second line to the throne of Great Britain. She was educated in common with her sister Princess Elizabeth of the governess, Marion Crawford, and private tutors. A regular school attended and the two girls never grew up without the same age playmates. During the Second World War, the sisters stayed at Windsor Castle.
In the first half of the 1950s had a romance with Princess Margaret Colonel Peter Townsend. He was divorced, so that after the public opinion at that time a royal wedding was not considered. As in 2004, records showed she had married her but with a title and the grant from the civil list to keep them. [1], however, decided in 1955 to end the relationship.
1960 Princess Margaret married the photographer Antony Armstrong-Jones, known, who was raised in the following year by her sister, who was queen in 1953, created Earl of Snowdon. With him she had two children, David Armstrong-Jones, Viscount Linley and Lady Sarah Armstrong-Jones.
The marriage was exposed from the outset by the very different personalities of both partners great stress. In later years, extramarital affairs were aggravated on both sides. The princess spent her holidays - often without her husband - a regular on Mustique, an island in the Grenadines in the Caribbean, where they owned a vacation home. The land was a wedding gift from the former owner of the island, Margaret Colin Tennant childhood friend, 3 Glenconner Baron (Lord Glenconner), have been. Princess Margaret was interested as a social and artistic, singing and playing piano. She used mainly in the 1960s and 1970s, private dealings with sizes of showbiz as Mick Jagger, David Niven and Peter Sellers. Princess Margaret was divorced after two years of separation time in 1978 and took no new marriage.
In the last years of her life, Princess Margaret suffered from diseases. In 1998 she suffered a mild stroke, a short time later, a fall that resulted in permanent impairment of their mobility. More strokes followed in 2000 and 2001. The 100th Birthday of her aunt Alice, Duchess of Gloucester, in December 2001, she appeared for the last time in public.
Princess Margaret died on 9 February 2002 following a serious stroke in another hospital in London. At his own request, she received a cremation at the crematorium in Slough. The urn was buried in the grave of their parents in the St. George's Chapel at Windsor Castle. At the time of her death she was behind the descendants of her sister Elizabeth eleventh to the British throne
Elizabeth married on 20 November 1947, British naval officer, Lieutenant Sir Philip Mountbatten, who was appointed before the wedding to the Duke of Edinburgh. He is a third degree cousin of Elizabeth. Queen Victoria is their common great-great-grandmother. They originate both from Christian IX. of Denmark from where she is the great-granddaughter, Alexandra of Denmark and the Duke's grandson, George I of Greece. Both also come from Duke Friedrich Eugen of Württemberg and Sophia Dorothea Friederike of Brandenburg-Schwedt. Philip is the Duke of Ludwig (Louis) of Württemberg and Olga Romanova Konstantinovna Ururururenkel the couple, Elizabeth Mary of Teck on the Ururururenkelin of the couple. With the acquisition of British citizenship in 1947 changed its name from Philip of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg to Mountbatten and renounced his title of Prince of Greece and Denmark.
After their wedding Philip and Elizabeth lived at Clarence House, London. On 14 November 1948 brought Elizabeth her first child, Prince Charles of Edinburgh. Several weeks ago, a Royal Letters Patent was granted, the children gave her a royal and princely status, which would not otherwise granted to them. They were to say, that only the children of a duke. The couple had four children (see below). Since the name of Windsor should be preserved of the royal house, was founded in 1960 by the Queen has issued a statement bearing the descendants of Elizabeth II and Prince Philip's personal surname Mountbatten-Windsor should. This is not necessarily true for members of the royal family, leading the title HRH (His / Her Royal Highness) (princes and princesses), and the Queen herself, which usually occur with no family names in appearance and use it should happen only when it is not too is around, such as marriages. This ruling is not binding on time and could theoretically be made by a successor of Elizabeth's reversed. [1]
The years 1949-1951 Elisabeth spent a time in Malta, where Prince Philip was stationed. [2]
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